Human evidence.
Without borrowed certainty.

Foundational pharmacokinetic evidence confirming NR is orally bioavailable and raises blood NAD+ in humans.

Single-dose PK study only. Does not establish chronic efficacy, tissue distribution or functional outcomes.

Provides short-term high-dose safety context in a Parkinson's population; it is not evidence for routine high-dose use or functional benefit.

Disease-specific short-term safety study in Parkinson's patients, not healthy adults. Does not establish functional benefit.

Supports a dose-responsive blood NAD+ biomarker effect and short-term tolerability for NR chloride.

A biomarker increase does not demonstrate improved energy, performance, disease prevention, slower aging or longer life. The study applies to NR chloride rather than an unspecified NR salt.

Supports a human NAD+ biomarker effect but not a broad cardiovascular, metabolic or physical-performance claim.

Small, short crossover trial. Exploratory cardiovascular signals must not be promoted as established benefits.

Shows short-term target engagement in older male muscle without demonstrating a functional metabolic benefit.

Very small, short, all-male study. Molecular and cytokine changes are not equivalent to a clinical outcome.

Provides important negative human outcome evidence and does not support metabolic-improvement claims.

Restricted to obese, insulin-resistant men, used NR chloride at a high study dose and cannot determine the final directions for Nutrae's intended NRHM product.

Confirms short-term blood NAD+ target engagement but does not establish a functional benefit.

Short, open-label biomarker study with a small NR subgroup and no long-term outcome assessment.

Whole-blood NAD+ responds to NR, but current evidence does not establish it as a validated biological-age marker.

Cross-cohort analyses cannot establish that increasing whole-blood NAD+ produces a health or longevity benefit.

Does not support broad metabolic or mitochondrial-function claims for NR chloride; the small secondary signals remain exploratory.

Only 13 participants, six weeks and several secondary measurements. The findings do not establish a general functional benefit.

Provides a positive functional-outcome signal in a disease population, not evidence for general wellness or healthy aging.

Disease-specific population with established functional limitation, not generalisable to healthy adults seeking general wellness benefits.

Provides preliminary evidence of cerebral target engagement; does not demonstrate a disease-modifying effect.

Small, short, disease-specific and exploratory. Clinical signals require confirmation in larger, longer trials.

Does not support a hepatic-fat-reduction claim for NR; secondary liver-enzyme signals require confirmation.

Combination product (NRPT), not NR alone; disease-specific population and secondary outcomes only.

Provides human evidence for a bone-turnover biomarker at a high dose in a specific osteopenic population, not evidence for healthy aging or Nutrae's eventual directions.

The alpha-ketoglutarate dose was substantially higher than Nutrae's planned per-capsule amount, and the population and outcome differ from the intended general-wellness use.

Supports oral exposure at a single high dose, not clinical efficacy.

Only six men, one dose and no wellness, functional or long-term outcome.

An exploratory uncontrolled association that cannot establish causation, cannot separate Ca-AKG from the other ingredients, and should not be described as proven age reversal.

No randomized control, self-selected participants, multi-ingredient product, commercial clock endpoint and substantial commercial conflicts. It is not proof of age reversal. The headline '8-year' figure is frequently cited out of context — it applies only to this specific uncontrolled study and not to Ca-AKG generally.

Demonstrates active clinical investigation, not evidence of benefit.

A protocol cannot support an efficacy claim. Recruitment status and completion dates can change, and the sustained-release study product does not automatically match Nutrae's planned capsule.

Shows ongoing research only and cannot support a public benefit claim.

Registry information is not an efficacy result, and its dose and release profile cannot determine Nutrae's final directions.

Direct dosing produced more consistent measured exposure than relying on conversion of dietary precursors in this study.

Exposure is not a clinical health outcome. The study used a proprietary formulation and does not establish equivalence to Nutrae's planned capsule.

Supports short-term bioavailability, tolerability and biomarker activity for the studied proprietary formulation.

Phase 1 biomarker study, not a functional efficacy or longevity trial. It does not establish bioequivalence for a finished Nutrae capsule.

Provides preliminary selected endurance and biomarker signals without demonstrating the primary functional outcomes.

Small trial, all participants were White, COVID-related disruption occurred and selected positive secondary findings require confirmation.

Supports selected lower-limb strength signals, not a broad performance or physical-function claim.

Some positive findings were secondary endpoints, the sample was modest, and the studied proprietary formulation is not automatically equivalent to Nutrae's capsule.

A small athlete-specific signal that requires replication and should not be generalized to all adults.

Very small, all-male, resistance-trained population and multiple performance endpoints.

Does not support faster race performance or higher VO2max; selected recovery-related signals are exploratory and setting-specific.

Short, highly specific all-male elite-athlete setting with limited generalizability.

Short-term immune biomarker evidence only; it does not show prevention or treatment of infection or disease.

Short proof-of-concept study without clinical infection or disease outcomes; some analyses were exploratory.

The current human evidence base is small, short and low certainty; it does not establish a broad physical-performance benefit.

Only five heterogeneous trials, small samples, short durations and substantial reliance on company-sponsored proprietary formulations.

Documents active clinical investigation, not evidence of benefit.

Registry information is not an efficacy result. Disease-specific surgical setting, not general wellness.

Documents active clinical investigation, not evidence of benefit.

Disease-specific oncology setting. No results available. Does not support general wellness claims.

Documents active clinical investigation, not evidence of benefit.

Registry information is not an efficacy result. No published data available.

Documents active clinical investigation, not evidence of benefit.

Multiple active arms, no results available and no basis for an efficacy claim.